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White Papers
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Read what GE's experts have to say regarding key industry issues and recent innovations. Learn which solutions can help you solve your toughest application challenges. |
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Electric Vehicles
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General Design/Safety/Arc Flash
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A Case for the Separated Double Tie
Discusses the use of single tie breakers versus double tie breakers and the safety aspects associated with each scenario.
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A Comparison of Aluminum vs. Copper as used in Electrical Equipment
The intended purpose is to provide the user with the information necessary to make an informed decision on the selection of copper or aluminum conductors within electrical equipment.
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Application Considerations for Series Combination Overcurrent Protective Devices (OCPD) in New Installations
Proper applications of series combinations of OCPD are critical to meet minimum reliability and safety considerations.
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Arc Flash and Low Voltage/ Over-Current Protective Devices (OCPDs)
An overview of the importance of conducting Arc Flash studies and how to interpret the results. You'll also learn about the different types of over-current protective devices and their role in mitigating the Arc Flash Hazard or reducing the Hazard Risk Category (HRC).
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Design for SAFETY
This is part 1 of an ongoing series intended to give tips and suggestions to the electrical design engineer to design electrical distribution systems with safety for the end user as the primary concern. The concern with the worker's safety continues to increase and there are numerous items which can be specified and designs which can be implemented which will increase a worker's safety.
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Design for SAFETY- Part 2
Part 2 is aimed toward electrical distribution systems, which utilize services with overcurrent devices rated greater than 1200A. To enhance a workers safety, the designer must consider devices that remove the technician from hazardous conditions.
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Direct Current (DC) - Critical Infrastructure Power Systems
DC power has been a proven technology since the days of Thomas Edison.
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GE Arc Vault™ Protection System
To address the increasing concerns and standards around arcing faults, GE challenged our Global Research Center to develop a new, "active" method of detecting & removing an arcing fault.
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Power Distribution Systems for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
This paper addresses some power distribution solutions for the Beijing 2008 Olympics Games.
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The Basics of Arc Flash
The goal of this article is to give the reader a basic understanding of what occurs during an arc flash incident, and an understanding of some of the terms used in qualifying the danger associated with such events.
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The Three A’s of Arc Flash
In 2007 GE conducted a survey of industry professionals working in facilities related to the oil and gas industry, pulp and paper industry, and power generation. The study results revealed what we called the problematic three A’s of arc flash.
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Ground Fault Protection
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Integrated Low Voltage Switchgear System - Entellisys
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Metering
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Electronic Power Meters - Guide for their Selection and Specification
Electronic power meters vary widely in features and this range of features determines the price level of the meter. The purpose of this article is to help the reader select the right meter from the vast number of choices for their customers, matching the function and need of the meter with the value to the customer.
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Insights into Starting-up Electronic Meters
Use of electronic meters is widespread today for many good reasons, but few users realize these meters should undergo a startup process. Here are some insights from a field engineer's perspective as to what may be needed in order to have a successful installation.
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OPC the "Enabling" Software
Today's demands on software interfacing capabilities far exceeds anything imagined when the market began supporting Windows' dynamic data exchange (DDE) programming interface for communication with devices. This paper will provide an insight into these developments and describe the new king on the block, OPC.
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Submetering - A Practical Approach
More than ever, submetering is being applied in industrial as well as the traditional commercial and residential applications to encourage conservation and increase productivity. This article will describe what it is, why it's important and how to effectively apply it.
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Unlocking the Proprietary Mess
Who would possibly invest in equipment that restricts all their future purchases to that same initial manufacturer? Well, it happens every day and it could easily happen to you. The ability for equipment to communicate is so prevalent today most specifiers feel confident in specking it. But how does it communicate and what will understand it? Unless you are aware of the pitfalls, you could tumble in. And if you already have, this article will help you dig out.
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Motor Control Centers
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Panelboards
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Photovoltaic Systems
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Power Monitoring and Control
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Internet-Accessible Power Monitoring & Control Systems
Accessing electrical system information from any location allows the system manager to provide quicker command and control of intelligent devices. The Internet allows real-time access anywhere on the globe through open protocols.
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Power Quality and Reliability
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Applying Voltage Disturbance Remediation Systems
This Application Note presents an overview of voltage disturbance remediation systems and a guide to their appropriate applications.
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Assessing the Cost of Voltage Disturbances
While the quality of the incoming power supply voltage is fundamentally a technical problem, it is ultimately necessary to make a business decision prior to implementing a fix. This document goes over the three major cost elements of voltage disturbances.
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The Importance of Reliable Control Power
While the advent of microprocessors has the potential to make power systems more reliable, easier to maintain, and simpler to diagnose, the underlying implementation of an appropriate power system design is often lagging, especially when it comes to supplying a reliable source of control power.
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Paralleling Temporary Power at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
A brief insight and overview of some of the considerations made in order to provide the high level of reliability needed to add paralleling capability to the switchgear and meet the demands required by the power bureau and other key entities involved.
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Service Capabilities for UPS
Uninterruptible Power Supplies, UPS equipment is used to maintain service to critical loads and improve uptime. Proper maintenance of the UPS should provide the owner with an Uninterrupted Revenue Stream, lower capital expenditures and lower long-term maintenance cost.
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Variable Frequency Drives and Harmonic Abatement Techniques
Guidance on the use of harmonic mitigation solutions with GE AF-600 FP and AF-650 GP drives.
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Protective Relaying
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Selectivity
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Power System Selectivity: The Basis Of Protective Coordination
The Intent of this article is to provide a brief primer about the essence of coordinating the basic protective components of the electrical power system, including circuit breakers, fuses and protective relays, and to enable the reader to review a plot of time current curves.
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Short Circuit
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Switchgear and switchboard
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AKD-20 Low Voltage Switchgear
GEs AKD20 Low Voltage Switchgear has unique and innovative features, which by design, greatly reduces the arc flash incident energy (severity) and the likelihood (probability) of its occurrence.
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Application of Switchgear and Switchboards
The choice of using either switchgear or switchboards must be based on many different criteria and the design of the power system requires thought be given to each one. Following are insights into just a few of the differences to help in making those decisions.
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A Deeper Look into Switchgear and Switchboards
This document looks at whether to apply switchgear or switchboards and how to cost effectively use switchboard functionalities.
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Paralleling Switchgear
Paralleling is the operation in which multiple power sources, usually two or more generators, are synchronized and then connected to a common bus.
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Power/Vac Switchgear
An overview of the basic features and construction types for the Power/Vac line of medium voltage metal-clad switchgear equipment offered by GE.
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Step Out of the Arc Flash Hazard Zone
How remote is your switchgear?
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Training and Education
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Continuing Education Program
GE Industrial Solutions provides numerous free training and continuing education opportunities focused on supporting the specification and design communities.
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Navigating the Web
A navigation guide for the Consulting and Design Engineer section of the GE Industrial Solutions website. |
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Transient Voltage Surge
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Transformers
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Dielectric Fluids for Transformer Cooling, History and Types
This article is intended to provide the reader with some level of insight into the appropriate selection and application of dielectric fluids used in transformer cooling.
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DOE Regulation Changes
With more and more emphasis being placed on energy conservation for political, economic, and environmental reasons, it is incumbent on the design professional to be informed of the changes in codes, standards, and regulations/laws that will impact the recommendations and application of products they specify on projects.
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Selecting Current Transformers - Part 1
This paper offers a window into the complexity of selecting the correct current transformer for the application.
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The Whyes of the Wyes - The Behavior of Transformer Y Connections
The earliest transformers were of course single phase. With the advent of the three-phase system, two alternative methods of connection for transformers were offered - the delta and the Y. The Y connection must have appealed to the operators then, as it does now. It however didn't take the industry long to discover one problem after another arising out of the Y-Y connection with the primary neutral floating.
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What You Should Know about Paralleling Power Transformers
One electrical design decision that must frequently be made concerns paralleling transformers. In most cases, we find economy is the key factor in this decision.
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Zig-Zag Transformers
This article addresses the use of the Zig-Zag transformer
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UL and NEC
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NEC Changes that have Impact on Designs
Changes to the National Electrical Code (NEC) always result in adjustments to products or applications within the industry. The low voltage electrical distribution segment of the industry has never been immune to new code requirements, but four recent changes have had more impact than most of us can remember.
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Underwriters Laboratory implemented UL 508A supplement SB to require compliance by UL authorized panel builders
This white paper includes: Overview of code changes in NEC Article 409, Overview of UL508A supplement SB, How Short Circuit Current Rating is determined, and Process flow charts.
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Critical Operations Power Systems
This paper discusses Article 700, Emergency Systems, Article 517, Health Care Facilities, and finally Article 708, COPS, and provides some of the additional requirements of each Article.
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UL 1449 3rd Edition - Effects on Lightning Protection Systems
Describes some of the key changes to the UL 1449 3rd Edition standard and how they impact the installation requirements for lightning protection systems for electrical distribution systems under 1000 volts.
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